Pleiotropic Effects of White Will…Adult Keratinocytes.

In lab tests on human skin cells, willow bark extract reduced inflammatory markers (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8) and helped restore wound healing when cells were stressed. It also influenced growth factors linked to skin repair. The effect varied depending on whether willow bark was used alone or combined with another ingredient (1,2-decanediol), so real-world results would depend on formulation.