Production of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin.

This review found that chondroitin sulfate is traditionally extracted from animal sources (like cow cartilage), but bacteria can produce it through fermentation instead—a potentially more scalable alternative. However, unlike hyaluronic acid (which is now commonly made this way), chondroitin sulfate production at commercial scale hasn't been successfully developed yet, partly because demand is much higher and the science is lagging.